Saira

Unexplained infertility usually refers to a diagnosis (or lack of diagnosis) made in couples in whom all the standard investigations such as tests of ovulation, tubal patency and semen analysis are normal.

Incidence 10-30% (ASRM 2006)

For the infertile couple, a ‘diagnosis’ of unexplained infertility may be very frustrating and is often interpreted by them as meaning that if there is no explanation for the cause of infertility, there is, therefore, no effective treatment.

The basic evaluation should provide evidence of ovulation, adequate sperm production and patency of fallopian tubes.{asrm2006}

The

Male Infertility is a complex, multifactorial, and heterogeneous condition. In _15% of couples, infertility results from an identifiable genetic defect. However, in 40% of couples, male infertility is likely to be caused by an unknown genetic abnormality. Consequently, many men evaluated for infertility may not ultimately be diagnosed beyond the phenotype of their infertility, such as azoospermia or maturation arrest. Emerging research into the mechanisms underlying idiopathic male infertility promises new opportunities to provide these men with more specific diagnoses. Although semen analysis

Ultrasound is a reliable first‐line imaging modality for the assessment of patients with gynaecological concerns. In patients with suspected endometriosis, ultrasound serves three purposes. First, it is used to evaluate the aetiology of the patient’s symptoms. Second, it has the potential to map the disease location. Lastly, it can ascertain the extent of disease.

From a clinical perspective, these products of ultrasound may benefit patients by ensuring a thorough understanding of disease by both the patient, who needs to provide informed consent to treatment options, and the physician, who

Routine ultrasound examination is an established part of antenatal care if resources are available and access possible. In general, the main goal of a fetal ultrasound scan is to provide accurate information which will facilitate the delivery of optimized antenatal care with the best possible outcomes for mother and fetus. The presence of a new life healthily growing inside you is monitored via an early pregnancy scan also called the viability or dating scan.

Purpose of early pregnancy ultrasound scan?

Early pregnancy scans are done to confirm a pregnancy and is performed between 6-11 weeks

Spinal cord tumors are abnormal cells that grow in the spinal cord, a spinal tumor is a growth that develops within the vertebral canal or within the bones of the spine between its protective sheaths, or on the surface of the sheath that covers the spinal cord. The spinal cord contains bundles of nerve fibers that are well protected inside the vertebra (backbone) which transmit messages from the brain throughout the body and viceversa, a tumor on or near the spinal cord can disrupt communication, impair function, and cause serious health concerns. Spinal cord tumors are of two types primary and

Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of spinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain and medulla spinalis. The excessive accumulation of CSF leads to abnormal dilation of brain ventricles that causes harmful pressure on the brain tissues.
• Developmental disorders or tube defects like rachischisis and encephalocele.
• Complications of premature birth like intraventricular haemorrhage,
• diseases like meningitis, tumours, traumatic head injury,
• eliminating the cisterns due to subarachnoid haemorrhage blocking the exit from the ventricles to the cisterns
• age
• disease progression
• Individual

Spinal cord tumors are abnormal cells that grow in the spinal cord, a spinal tumor is a growth that develops within the vertebral canal or within the bones of the spine between its protective sheaths, or on the surface of the sheath that covers the spinal cord. The spinal cord contains bundles of nerve fibers that are well protected inside the vertebra (backbone) which transmit messages from the brain throughout the body and viceversa, a tumor on or near the spinal cord can disrupt communication, impair function, and cause serious health concerns. Spinal cord tumors are of two types primary and

The spinal column should be straight when either viewed from the front or back. With scoliosis, there is a side shift of the spine to the right or left. Approximately 10% of the population has small curves (less than ten degrees), which are not any consequence to function or health. This condition is called Spinal Asymmetry.
In the diagnostic x-ray, the curve of the spine measures in degrees, as an angle known as Cobb angle. Scoliosis is a curve greater than ten degrees. It occurs within the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine and may involve one or both of those regions. The most common

Courses Info
Each participant receives one-on-one training to develop knowledge and skills in

Routine semen analysis including proper specimen collection, measurement of volume, pH, manual sperm count, and motility using sperm counting chambers
Preparation of seminal smear for morphology
World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for sperm morphology; preparation of slides and staining techniques
Semen preparation techniques for IUI – Simple wash, density gradient, double density gradient etc
Course Outcomes:
Students who complete the course shall receive a certification that enables them

Ultrasound knowledge is an essential weapon for doctors in their fight against infertility. Clinicians wanting to become infertility specialists need to learn the skills of ultrasound scanning and the intricacies of the same, to be able to have a good practice and provide exceptional results. Ultrasound knowledge is needed for planning, tracking and correcting OI / TI, IUI and IVF treatments.

In the treatment of infertility, ultrasound scanning is needed for the following and much more

Identifying any anomalies in the female anatomy
Identifying the physiological ability of the patient
Baseline